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A vehicle inspection is an official examination of a vehicle to check whether it meets applicable safety, technical and environmental requirements.

The inspection may include the brakes, tyres, steering, suspension, lights, vehicle identification and emissions. The exact inspection points depend on the country, vehicle type and type of inspection.

The inspection interval depends on the country and type of vehicle. Some countries require annual inspections, while others use longer intervals based on the vehicle's age, use or condition.

A vehicle that does not meet the required standards may need to be repaired and presented for another inspection. Serious defects may restrict or prohibit the vehicle from being used until they are repaired.

No. Vehicle inspection systems differ between countries, including which vehicles must be inspected, how often inspections are required and which technical standards are checked.

In countries with periodic vehicle inspections, electric vehicles are generally also subject to inspection. Some inspection points differ because electric vehicles do not have a conventional combustion engine or exhaust-emission system.

The dashboard is the panel in front of the driver that displays vehicle information and contains controls, gauges and warning indicators.

A dashboard may show the speed, fuel or battery level, engine information, warning lights, turn indicators and safety-system status. The exact display depends on the vehicle.

Colours generally indicate the importance or function of a dashboard light. Red often indicates a serious warning, yellow or amber usually indicates caution, and green or blue commonly indicates that a system is active. Symbols and meanings can differ between vehicles, so consult the vehicle manual.

Identify the warning and follow the instructions in the vehicle manual. A red warning light may require you to stop safely as soon as possible, while other warnings may indicate that the vehicle should be checked or repaired.

The instrument cluster is the part of the dashboard directly in front of the driver that contains the main gauges, displays and warning lights.

Yes. Many modern vehicles use a digital dashboard or digital instrument cluster that displays vehicle information on one or more electronic screens instead of traditional analogue gauges.

A windscreen wiper is a device that moves across the windscreen to remove rain, snow, dirt and moisture so the driver can maintain a clear view of the road.

Windscreen wipers help maintain clear visibility in bad weather and when the windscreen becomes dirty. Poor visibility can make it harder to detect traffic, pedestrians, signs and hazards.

Wiper blades should be replaced when they are worn, cracked, damaged or no longer clean the windscreen effectively. Common signs include streaking, skipping, squeaking or areas of the windscreen remaining wet.

The windscreen washer system sprays cleaning fluid onto the windscreen so the wipers can remove dirt and improve visibility.

Driving with defective windscreen wipers can be unsafe and may be illegal where functioning wipers are required. The driver must be able to maintain adequate visibility through the windscreen.

Many vehicles have a rear window wiper, especially hatchbacks, estate cars and SUVs. Whether one is fitted or legally required depends on the vehicle design and applicable regulations.

Vehicle doors help protect occupants and keep them safely inside the vehicle. They should close securely and must not open unexpectedly while driving.

The door, hinges, catches, locking mechanism and surrounding structure should be secure and in good condition so the door can open and close properly.

A door that cannot remain securely closed can be dangerous and may make the vehicle unroadworthy. It should be repaired before the vehicle is used.

The basic requirement is the same: the door must open and close correctly and remain securely closed. The exact inspection method can depend on the type of door and vehicle.

Yes. Damaged, loose or badly worn hinges can prevent a door from closing correctly or allow it to move unexpectedly.

A glovebox is a storage compartment in the dashboard, usually located in front of the passenger seat. It is also called a glove compartment.

The name comes from the early use of the compartment for storing driving gloves. Today it is commonly used for vehicle documents and other small items.

A glovebox is commonly used for vehicle documents, the owner’s manual and small useful items. What should be kept in the vehicle depends on local legal requirements and personal preference.

Yes. Keeping the glovebox properly closed while driving prevents it from obstructing the passenger area and helps stop loose objects from falling out.

It is generally better not to leave valuable or sensitive items in an unattended vehicle, as a glovebox does not provide strong protection against theft.

Yes. The interior of a parked vehicle can become very hot, and the glovebox can also heat up. Avoid storing heat-sensitive or potentially dangerous items there.

Visibility describes how clearly a driver can see the road, traffic and hazards and how easily other road users can see the vehicle.

Visibility can be reduced by darkness, fog, rain, snow, glare, dirty or misted windows and objects that obstruct the driver’s view.

Keep the windscreen, windows, mirrors and lights clean, remove condensation or ice before driving and use the appropriate lights when conditions require them.

Yes. Objects placed on the dashboard, windscreen or elsewhere around the driver can block part of the field of vision and make it harder to detect road users or hazards.

Reduce your speed, increase your following distance and use the appropriate lights. Make sure you can see far enough ahead to react safely to traffic and obstacles.

Mirrors extend the driver’s view to the rear and sides of the vehicle. They should be clean and correctly adjusted, although drivers must still check blind spots where necessary.

Snow can reduce tyre grip, visibility and vehicle control and increase the distance needed to slow down or stop.

Drive more slowly, increase your following distance and use smooth acceleration, steering and braking. Sudden movements can cause the tyres to lose grip.

Yes. Remove snow and ice that obstruct the windscreen, windows, mirrors and lights. Snow should also be removed where it could fall from the vehicle and create a hazard for other road users.

This depends on the country. Some countries require winter tyres during certain periods or winter conditions, while others only recommend them.

Snow chains can provide additional grip on roads covered with snow or ice. Rules for their use vary between countries, and some roads may require them when indicated by a traffic sign.

Fog-light rules vary by country. They are generally intended for conditions where snow, fog or other weather significantly reduces visibility, so drivers should follow the applicable local rules.

Ice can cause a major loss of tyre grip, making it harder to steer, brake or accelerate without skidding.

Black ice is a thin, transparent layer of ice that can be difficult to distinguish from the road surface. It is particularly dangerous because drivers may not notice it until the vehicle begins to lose grip.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use smooth steering, acceleration and braking. Avoid sudden movements that could cause the tyres to lose grip.

Ice can form anywhere temperatures are sufficiently low, but drivers should be particularly careful on bridges, shaded sections, exposed roads and areas where water collects.

Remain calm, avoid sudden braking or steering and make smooth corrections while reducing the forces that caused the loss of grip. The correct response can depend on the vehicle and its safety systems.

Winter tyres can provide better grip in cold and winter conditions than summer tyres, although no tyre can eliminate the risk of skidding on ice. Requirements for winter tyres vary between countries.

Rain can reduce visibility and tyre grip, increase stopping distances and make it more difficult to control the vehicle safely.

Aquaplaning occurs when a layer of water builds up between the tyres and the road, causing the tyres to lose contact with the road surface and reducing steering and braking control.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use smooth steering, acceleration and braking. Use the appropriate lights and be prepared for reduced visibility and standing water.

Wet roads can increase the distance needed to stop. A larger following distance gives you more time and space to react safely.

Remain calm, ease off the accelerator and avoid sudden braking or steering. Make smooth corrections until the tyres regain contact with the road.

Lighting requirements vary between countries. Drivers should use the lights required by local traffic rules whenever rain or other conditions reduce visibility.

Freezing rain is rain that freezes when it reaches a sufficiently cold surface, forming a layer of ice on roads, vehicles and other objects.

Freezing rain can create very slippery and difficult-to-see ice, greatly reducing tyre grip and making steering and braking more difficult.

No. Snow falls as frozen crystals, while freezing rain falls as liquid droplets that freeze when they reach a cold surface.

Yes. Freezing rain can create a thin, transparent layer of ice that is difficult to distinguish from a wet road and is often described as black ice.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use smooth acceleration, steering and braking. Avoid unnecessary driving if conditions become extremely slippery.

Extra caution is needed on bridges, exposed roads, shaded areas and untreated surfaces, where ice may form quickly or remain longer.

Fog can greatly reduce visibility and make it harder to judge speed, distance and the movement of other road users.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use the appropriate lights. Drive so that you can stop safely within the distance you can clearly see.

Usually not. High beams can reflect from the water droplets in fog and make visibility worse. Use the lighting permitted and recommended under local traffic rules.

Fog lights are intended for conditions where fog or similar weather significantly reduces visibility. The exact rules for front and rear fog lights vary between countries.

No. You should maintain your own safe speed and following distance. Following another vehicle too closely can be dangerous because visibility and stopping distance remain limited.

If visibility becomes too poor to continue safely, slow down and consider stopping at a safe place away from moving traffic until conditions improve.

Hail can reduce visibility and tyre grip, make the road slippery and distract drivers because of the sudden noise and impact of hailstones.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and use smooth steering and braking. If the hail becomes severe or visibility is very poor, consider stopping at a safe place away from moving traffic.

Yes. Hailstones can collect on the road and create a slippery surface with reduced tyre grip, particularly when mixed with rain or melting ice.

Yes. Large hailstones can damage windscreens, windows, mirrors and vehicle bodywork. Severe hail can also reduce visibility if glass becomes cracked or damaged.

Use the lights required by local traffic rules when hail or other weather reduces visibility. Lighting requirements vary between countries.

If visibility or road conditions become too dangerous, it may be safer to stop at a suitable place away from moving traffic and continue when conditions improve.

Bright or low sunlight can cause glare and temporarily reduce visibility, making traffic lights, signs, pedestrians and other road users more difficult to see.

Glare is often strongest when the sun is low in the sky, particularly around sunrise and sunset, and when sunlight reflects from wet roads, snow, glass or other bright surfaces.

Reduce speed and increase your following distance so you have more time to react. Use the sun visor where helpful and avoid continuing at a speed that is too high for the available visibility.

Yes. Dirt, grease, dust and streaks on the glass can scatter bright sunlight and make glare much worse. Keep the windscreen clean inside and outside.

Suitable sunglasses can reduce glare and improve visual comfort in bright conditions. They should not be so dark that they significantly reduce visibility, especially when entering tunnels or shaded areas.

Yes. A correctly positioned sun visor can block direct sunlight without unnecessarily obstructing the driver’s view of the road.

Yes. Sunglasses can reduce glare and improve visual comfort in bright sunlight, making it easier to see the road and surrounding traffic.

They are particularly useful when the sun is low in the sky or when bright light reflects from wet roads, snow, glass or other surfaces.

Very dark lenses can reduce the amount of light reaching the eyes and may make it difficult to see in tunnels, shade, poor weather or at night. Sunglasses should not interfere with safe visibility.

Sunglasses generally reduce available light and can therefore make it harder to see at night. They should not be worn when they significantly reduce visibility.

Polarised lenses can reduce reflections from roads and other flat surfaces, but they may make some digital displays or screens harder to read. Drivers should make sure all essential instruments remain clearly visible.

If the lenses make the darker environment difficult to see, remove the sunglasses when it is safe to do so. Drivers should always maintain adequate visibility as lighting conditions change.

Salt helps lower the freezing point of water, making it harder for ice to form and helping existing snow or ice melt.

Anti-icing means treating the road before ice forms, while deicing means applying salt or another treatment after snow or ice is already present.

Brine is a solution of salt and water that can be sprayed onto roads before freezing conditions occur. It helps the salt begin working quickly and can reduce ice formation.

No. Salt can improve grip by reducing snow and ice, but treated roads can still be slippery. Drivers should continue to reduce speed and increase their following distance.

No. The effectiveness of salt decreases as temperatures become very low. Road authorities may use different treatments or methods depending on the weather and road conditions.

Repeated exposure to road salt can contribute to corrosion of metal parts, particularly underneath the vehicle. Washing accumulated salt from the vehicle can help reduce this effect.

Air conditioning cools and dehumidifies the air inside the vehicle, helping improve comfort and reduce moisture on the windows.

Yes. Because air conditioning removes moisture from the air, it can help clear condensation from the windscreen and windows more quickly.

Yes. Air conditioning can still be useful in winter because it reduces humidity inside the vehicle and can help demist the windows.

Yes. Operating the air-conditioning system requires energy and can increase fuel or electricity consumption, although the effect depends on the vehicle, system and conditions.

Yes. Regular use and maintenance can help keep the system effective. A poorly functioning system may cool less efficiently or fail to remove moisture properly.

Yes, in many vehicles and countries air conditioning itself is not required. However, the driver must still maintain adequate visibility and safe conditions inside the vehicle.

Hydroplaning occurs when water separates the tyres from the road surface, reducing or temporarily removing normal tyre grip.

The risk increases with higher speed, standing water, worn tyres and insufficient tyre tread. Tyre pressure and road conditions can also affect the risk.

Reduce speed in heavy rain, avoid driving through deep standing water where possible and keep your tyres properly maintained with sufficient tread depth.

Remain calm, ease off the accelerator and avoid sudden braking or steering. Keep the steering movements smooth and controlled until the tyres regain contact with the road.

Yes. Tyre grooves help move water away from the contact area. Worn tyres can remove less water, increasing the risk of losing grip on a wet road.

There is no single speed at which hydroplaning always begins. The risk depends on speed, water depth, tyre condition, tyre pressure and the road surface.

Loose chippings are small stones or pieces of gravel lying loose on the road surface, often after resurfacing or road maintenance.

Loose stones can reduce tyre grip and vehicle control and may be thrown into the air by tyres, potentially damaging windscreens or other vehicles.

Reduce speed, increase your following distance and avoid sudden acceleration, braking or steering. Keep additional space from other vehicles where stones may be thrown up by their tyres.

Yes. Loose material between the tyres and road can reduce available grip, making braking and steering less effective.

Some road-surfacing methods use a layer of small stone aggregate. Until the material settles or excess stones are removed, loose chippings may remain on the surface.

Yes. Stones thrown up by tyres can cause chips or cracks in windscreens, headlights and vehicle paintwork.

A blind spot is an area around a vehicle that cannot be seen directly by the driver or adequately through the mirrors.

Yes. The size and position of blind spots depend on the vehicle design, mirrors and driver position. Large vehicles generally have larger blind spots than passenger cars.

Adjust the mirrors correctly and, where necessary, make a brief direct check beside the vehicle before changing lanes, turning or moving away. The exact technique depends on the vehicle.

Trucks can have large areas around the front, sides and rear that are difficult or impossible for the driver to see. Cyclists and pedestrians can therefore disappear from view even when they are close to the vehicle.

No. Correctly adjusted mirrors can greatly improve visibility, but some areas may still remain difficult to see. Drivers should use all available mirrors and direct observation where appropriate.

Cyclists should avoid remaining directly beside, immediately in front of or close behind a large vehicle, particularly near intersections where the vehicle may turn.

Distracted driving occurs when a driver's visual, manual or mental attention is diverted from driving and the surrounding traffic.

Common distractions include mobile phones, navigation systems, passengers, eating, adjusting vehicle controls and looking away from the road.

Using a phone can combine visual, manual and mental distraction, reducing the driver's ability to notice hazards and react quickly.

Yes. Even when the driver's hands remain on the wheel, a conversation can create mental distraction and reduce attention to traffic.

Yes. Entering destinations or repeatedly looking at a screen can divert attention from the road. Set the route before driving whenever possible and use voice guidance where helpful.

Prepare navigation and vehicle settings before moving, secure loose objects, keep your phone away from unnecessary use and focus continuously on the road and traffic.

Yes. Strong emotions can affect attention, judgement, reaction time and decision-making, which can make safe driving more difficult.

Anger can lead to impatience, aggressive manoeuvres, speeding or reduced attention. Drivers should avoid reacting emotionally to other road users.

Yes. Stress can make it harder to focus on traffic and process information calmly, especially in complex or busy situations.

If your emotional state is affecting concentration or judgement, stop or delay the journey when possible and continue only when you feel able to drive safely.

Yes. Positive emotions such as excitement can still reduce concentration or encourage impulsive behaviour if they take attention away from driving.

Allow enough travel time, avoid reacting to aggressive drivers, keep a safe distance and take a break when stress or frustration becomes difficult to manage.

Road rage is aggressive, hostile or intimidating behaviour directed at other road users, often caused by anger or frustration in traffic.

Examples can include tailgating, excessive honking, shouting, threatening gestures, deliberately blocking another vehicle or aggressive overtaking and lane changes.

Anger can reduce judgement and encourage impulsive or risky driving, increasing the chance of collisions and escalating conflicts between road users.

Stay calm, avoid confrontation, maintain a safe distance and do not retaliate or copy the other driver's behaviour. If necessary, move away from the situation when it is safe to do so.

Generally, no. Confrontation can make the situation more dangerous. It is usually safer to remain in your vehicle and create distance from the aggressive road user.

Allow enough travel time, accept that other road users make mistakes, avoid competing for road space and focus on reaching your destination safely rather than reacting emotionally.

Health problems can affect vision, concentration, reaction time, judgement, coordination and vehicle control, making safe driving more difficult.

Not if the illness makes it difficult to concentrate, react quickly or control the vehicle safely. Drivers should delay the journey or seek medical advice when necessary.

Yes. Some medicines can cause drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision or slower reactions. Always follow the instructions provided with the medicine and advice from a healthcare professional.

Yes. Good vision is essential for recognising traffic signs, road users, hazards and changes in traffic conditions. Many countries set minimum eyesight requirements for drivers.

Yes. Depending on the country and condition, a driver may need a medical assessment, licence restriction or adapted vehicle before being permitted to drive.

This depends on local law. The driver usually has a responsibility to ensure they are fit to drive, while doctors or specialised assessment centres may evaluate driving fitness when required.

Yes. A seizure can cause loss of awareness, consciousness or vehicle control, so epilepsy can affect whether a person is medically fit to drive.

In many countries, yes, provided specific medical and seizure-free requirements are met. The exact conditions depend on the country, licence category and individual medical situation.

Do not assume it is safe to continue driving. Seek medical advice and check the applicable driving-licence rules, because a temporary period without driving may be required.

A seizure-free period helps assess the risk of another seizure occurring while driving. The required period varies depending on the type and cause of the seizure and local regulations.

Yes. Anti-seizure medicines can sometimes cause effects such as drowsiness, dizziness or reduced concentration. Changes in treatment can also affect seizure control, so medical advice should be followed.

Usually, yes. Drivers of trucks, buses and vehicles used for certain professional transport generally face stricter medical fitness requirements because of the greater potential consequences of a seizure while driving.