Air pollutionIndonesia

An introduction to the traffic rules and road signs of Indonesia. Learn about driving, road safety and much more in our illustrated book, with answers to frequently asked questions.

For informational purposes only. Always follow official regulations. Some content and images were created with AI assistance.


29. Air pollution

Air pollution is the presence of gases, particles or other substances in the air at concentrations that can harm human health, the environment or ecosystems. Road traffic contributes to air pollution through exhaust emissions and through non-exhaust sources such as brake wear, tyre wear and road dust.

Important traffic-related pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Some pollutants are emitted directly by vehicles, while others can form in the atmosphere through chemical reactions. Vehicle-emission standards, cleaner technologies and traffic-management measures are used to reduce these emissions.

Air pollution
Black smoke emitted from a vehicle exhaust on a road in Kamonyi District. (Rwanda)
Wikimedia.org • Emmanuelkwizera • CC BY-SA
What is air pollution?

Air pollution is the presence of harmful gases, particles or other contaminants in the air. Road transport can contribute through engine emissions, vehicle wear and dust; the sources and pollutants differ by vehicle and conditions.

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, smog and vehicle emissions

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics

🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension

How does road traffic cause air pollution?

Vehicles with combustion engines can emit exhaust pollutants. Road traffic also produces particles through brake, tyre and road-surface wear and can stir up road dust. Vehicles without tailpipe emissions can still contribute to these non-exhaust sources.

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, smog and vehicle emissions

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics

🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension

Which air pollutants are associated with road traffic?

Important traffic-related pollutants include nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds. Their relative importance depends on the vehicle, fuel and driving conditions.

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, smog and vehicle emissions

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, Particulate Matter Basics

🔗 fhwa.dot.gov • US FHWA, particulate matter and road-transport sources

🔗 epa.gov • US EPA, AP-42 section 13.2.1.1, paved-road emissions and dust resuspension

1 Indonesia 2 Motorway 3 Speed limit 4 Bridge 5 Toll road 6 Slope 7 Roundabout 8 Pedestrian crossing 9 Railway crossing 10 Turn prohibition 11 School area 12 Curve 13 Priority at the next junction 14 Traffic lights 15 Driving licence 16 Parking 17 No parking 18 No stopping 19 Reversing 20 U-turn 21 Uncontrolled crossroad 22 Licence plate 23 Bus 24 Police 25 Ambulance 26 Pothole 27 Path 28 Particulates 29 Air pollution 30 Rush hour 31 Road code 32 Street gutter 33 Cargo bike 34 Forestry vehicle 35 Construction vehicle 36 Semi-trailer truck 37 Trolleybus 38 Speed pedelec 39 Delivery vehicle 40 Idling 41 Tow truck 42 Four-wheel drive 43 Bicycle 44 Motorcycle equipment 45 Rail track 46 Caravan 47 Trailer 48 Tow hitch 49 Fire truck 50 Siren 51 Convoy 52 Emergency vehicle lighting 53 Agricultural machinery 54 Electric bicycle 55 Electric vehicle 56 Pedelec 57 Quadricycle 58 Microcar 59 All-terrain vehicle 60 Van 61 Recreational vehicle 62 Scooter 63 Trikke 64 Personal mobility device 65 Skateboard 66 Segway 67 Kick scooter 68 Roller skates 69 Mailman 70 Hitchhiker 71 Toddler 72 Child 73 Disability 74 Rickshaw 75 Motorail 76 km/h 77 mph 78 Speedometer 79 Ride height 80 Dirt road 81 Driving 82 Start-stop system 83 Manual transmission 84 Automatic transmission 85 Throttle 86 Tachometer 87 Steering wheel 88 Power steering 89 Visual scanning 90 Mirror 91 Fuel 92 Fuel gauge 93 Petrol 94 Diesel 95 Diesel exhaust fluid 96 Car insurance 97 First aid kit 98 Fire extinguisher 99 High-visibility clothing 100 First aid ...